Tag: history

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History Technology

Proof-of-Work

The only thing in the world that’s constant, is change. Organisms evolve and change, environment never remain the same, seasons change, humans change, our age changes and rules change. Everything changes with the passing of time. But we hear a lot about Bitcoin that its immutable. What might be the reason of its immutability? Lets have a quick read about it. The Bitcoin is immutable because of its proof-of-work property. This is one of the most important charactersitics of Bitcoin that will be talked about for decades if not centuries. Same as how we read and talk about the great Pyramid of Giza. That is the evidence of proof-of-work carried out by the Egyptian civilization.

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History Technology

ビザンチン将軍問題

ビザンツ将軍問題は、古くからあるゲーム理論の問題である。ビザンツ軍の複数の将軍が、敵の都市を四方から攻撃する準備をしていると想像してみよう。彼らは都市を包囲しているが、いつ攻撃するかを集団で決めなければならないので、各連隊を担当する将軍は、敵の防御に打ち勝つために、同時に攻撃するように協力しなければならない。すべての武将が同じタイミングで攻撃すれば高確率での勝利が可能だが、攻撃するタイミングがバラバラだったり、一人の不良武将が戦わないことを選択したりすると敗北となる。各連隊には通信役として使者がいるが、使者が裏切り者なのか、メッセージそのものが敵に傍受されているのかは知る由もない。

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Economics History Technology

Byzantine Generals’ Problem

The Byzantine Generals’ Problem is an age-old game theory problem, where several Generals of the Byzantine army are preparing to attack an enemy city from all sides. They have surrounded the city, but they must collectively decide when to attack so the generals in charge of each regiment must coordinate together to attack on same time to overcome the defense from the enemy. If all generals attack at the same time they win, but if they attack at different times or one faulty general chooses not to fight, they lose. Each regiment has a messenger who is used as a communicator, but there is no way of knowing whether the messenger is a traitor or the message itself is intercepted by the enemy.

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Economics History Technology

お金とは？

お金とは何か、考えたことがあるだろうか？私はこの疑問に対する答えを探し求め、しばらくの間、お金について調べたり、読書したり、経済学の勉強をしたりしている。勉強すればするほどお金を理解するには歴史を勉強しなければいけないことに気づいた。お金とはいったい何なのか、結論づけるのはとても難しい。しかし、ひとつ確かなことは、ほとんどの人がお金を追い求めているということだ。生活のためにお金を欲しがる人もいれば、権力のために欲しがる人もいる。物を買うために欲しがる人もいれば他人を助けるために欲しがる人もいる。社会地位のために欲しがる人もいれば、他人に感心してもらいたいために欲しがる人もいる。その他にも諸々理由があると思う。ほとんどの人は、限りある時間をお金のために犠牲にし、人間関係よりもお金を優先する人さえ世の中にはたくさんいる。

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Economics History

Value Exchange

Human civilization has come a long way to be well-organized and operate seamlessly in the society. One of the most challenging problem for humans, was to exchange the value with one another. People bartered before they began using money which was inconvenient to do. Money is a concept which made them easy to trade their products and services. Money is one of the most advanced tools engineered by humans to carry out value exchange for thousands of years. The oldest known coin minting site was in China which began using coins around 640 BC. Since then, humans have been constantly improving and changing the shape and system of money. The new form of digital money is being built and accepted as the new form of money for value exchange as you’re reading this.

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History

税金の世界史

「この世で最も理解しがたいものは所得税である。」- アインシュタイン

アインシュタインが理解できなかったのだから、私たちが理解できるはずがない。通貨の歴史と税制に飛び込もう。この本はイギリスの作家で声優でもあるドミニク・フリスビーが書いた面白い本だ。彼は、現代の通貨制度の欠陥を包括的に探求し、より公平な未来のための代替え的な金融の道を検討するものとして書いてくれている。様々な国で様々な期間に課された特異な税金の歴史的な例が記載されている。この本を読めば現代の税制の合理性や公平性に疑問を抱くかもしれない。

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Economics History

Daylight Robbery

“The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.” – Albert Einstein

If Einstein couldn’t understand it, we sure will never get it. Right? Its ludicrous to say the least. Lets dive into the monetary history and taxation. This book is written by Dominic Frisby, a British author and voice actor. It is a comprehensive exploration of the flaws within the modern monetary system and an examination of alternative financial paths for a fairer future. There are historical examples of peculiar taxes that have been imposed in various countries on several durations. You might even question the current rationale of certain taxation practices and its fairness after going through the book.

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Economics History

Layered Money

This book explores the evolution and functioning of money throughout history and around the globe. Author writes about the concept of layered money, which refers to the different forms and levels of money that exist in modern economies. Basically, this provides an intuitive model view of the history, evolution, current state and future of money. As we know gold has been used for thousands of years but civilization found it hard to divide and carry around so they created various layers of money like IOUs issued by the banks with gold on deposit.

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